Gradient (勾配)

f=fxex+fyey+fzez=fρeρ+1ρfθeθ+fzez=frer+1rfθeθ+1rsinθfϕeϕ\begin{aligned} \nabla f & = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x}\mathbf{e}_x + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}\mathbf{e}_y + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\mathbf{e}_z \\ & = \frac{\partial f}{\partial \rho}\mathbf{e}_\rho + \frac{1}{\rho}\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\mathbf{e}_\theta + \frac{\partial f}{\partial z}\mathbf{e}_z \\ & = \frac{\partial f}{\partial r}\mathbf{e}_r + \frac{1}{r}\frac{\partial f}{\partial \theta}\mathbf{e}_\theta + \frac{1}{r \sin\theta}\frac{\partial f}{\partial \phi}\mathbf{e}_\phi \end{aligned}